| Basic passion | Species (including intellective analogues) | Causes | Effects |
| amor (love) | amor amicitiae (benevolence): the one or group for
whom good is willed amor concupiscentiae: the good willed for that one or group.
dilectio (involves choice) caritas (object of great worth) | goodness, and because of goodness:
cognition of the good similarity, either actual or potential | union mutual cleaving of lover and beloved ecstasy jealousy/zeal softening delight in the presence of the beloved languor in the absence of the beloved fervor desire and hence all actions in general |
| odium (hate) | evil love of the opposite or contrary | ||
| concupiscentia (sense desire) | natural concupiscence: natural desire for necessities
like food, drink, shelter, perpetuation of species, etc .non-natural concupiscence (cupiditas): induced desire for more of what is pleasing to the senses than is necessary for nature (peculiar to man and potentially infinite) | love | |
| fuga (aversion) | |||
| delectatio (pleasure) | natural pleasure: pleasure at the satisfaction of a
natural desire non-natural desire: pleasure at the satisfaction of an acquired desire
By extension: gaudium (joy): delight at the satisfaction of rational desire: laetitia: full-hearted joy exultatio: overflowing joy, excitement iucunditas: delight, enjoyment, pleasantness | operation change hope and memory sorrow, insofar as it is (a) is actual and brings the loved thing to mind or (b) is remembered and has been alleviated actions of others doing good for another similarity wonder (desire to know causes) + hope (to find out) | expansiveness desire for pleasure impeding of the use of reason perfection of operation |
| dolor (pain) | By extension: tristitia: sorrow/sadness at the possession of some evil/absence of some good with respect to oneself; includes penance (poenitentia), i.e., sorrow for one's moral sins misericordia (pity, compassion, mercy): sorrow at someone else's evil or suffering as if it were one's own invidia (envy): sorrow at someone else's good as if it were an evil for oneself; includes jealousy (zelus) or sorrow at the undeserved good fortune of another) nemesis) anxietas/angustia (distress): sorrow in the face of an evil that seems inescapable acedia (torpor/depression): sorrow that debilitates one by taking away even the desire to escape. | conjoined evil or, secondarily, a lost
good desire for unity an irresistible power that is and remains contrary to one's inclinations | loss of the ability to learn a weighing down of the soul a weakening of any operation that is done with sadness, but a strengthening of any operation by which, given the presence of hope, one tries to rid oneself of the sadness |
| spes (hope) | whatever makes something possible
(e.g. money, courage, wisdom,
experience, etc.) whatever makes one think that something is possible (e.g., either experience (in some cases) or the lack of experience (in other cases) | love of that which makes something
arduous possible for us helping the operation by which one tries to acquire the arduous good pleasure or delight | |
| desperatio (desperation) | whatever makes something
impossible whatever makes one think that something is impossible | hatred of that which makes something
arduous impossible for us
obstructing the operation by which one
tries to acquire the arduous good sorrow or sadness | |
| timor (fear) | natural fear: fear of corruptive evils because of a
natural desire for being non-natural fear: fear of a sorrowful evil that is repugnant not to nature but to desire
With respect to one's action: segnities (sluggishness): fear of hard work erubescentia (timidity, embarrassment): fear of what others will think of you if you act in a given way in the future verecundia (shame, disgrace): fear of what others will think of an act that has already been committed
With respect to the external evil: admiratio: fear of some great evil whose outcome one is not sufficient to figure out stupor: fear of an unaccustomed evil that one considers great agonia: fear of an unanticipated evil | love lack of virtue in the one who fears strength and power in the object of fear | shrinking of spirit openness to counsel trembling impeding of operation, especially bodily operations |
| audacia (daring) | hope whatever causes hope (see above) whatever reduces or banishes fear wine, etc. | ||
| ira (anger) | Note: anger always has two objects: (a) vengeance as
a good and (b) the person or thing that one seeks
vengeance as on something evil.
fel (wrath): anger that is ignited quickly mania (bitterness): abiding or long-lasting anger; bitterness furor (fury): anger that does not subside until there is vengeance; anger with a firm resolve to punish | injury done to one either directly or
indirectly--or memory thereof the contempt unjustly shown for you by the one you are angry with, viz., disrespect (despectus), obstructing you from doing something (epereasmus), or insults (contumelatio) a particular excellence in the angry person or defect in the other | pleasure produced by the hope for and
anticipatory enjoyment of vengeance heatedness hindering of the use of reason taciturnity (as when one tries to hold in one's anger and turns red in the fact, or as one is so angry one cannot speak) |